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1 Science
It is a common notion, or at least it is implied in many common modes of speech, that the thoughts, feelings, and actions of sentient beings are not a subject of science.... This notion seems to involve some confusion of ideas, which it is necessary to begin by clearing up. Any facts are fitted, in themselves, to be a subject of science, which follow one another according to constant laws; although those laws may not have been discovered, nor even to be discoverable by our existing resources. (Mill, 1900, B. VI, Chap. 3, Sec. 1)One class of natural philosophers has always a tendency to combine the phenomena and to discover their analogies; another class, on the contrary, employs all its efforts in showing the disparities of things. Both tendencies are necessary for the perfection of science, the one for its progress, the other for its correctness. The philosophers of the first of these classes are guided by the sense of unity throughout nature; the philosophers of the second have their minds more directed towards the certainty of our knowledge. The one are absorbed in search of principles, and neglect often the peculiarities, and not seldom the strictness of demonstration; the other consider the science only as the investigation of facts, but in their laudable zeal they often lose sight of the harmony of the whole, which is the character of truth. Those who look for the stamp of divinity on every thing around them, consider the opposite pursuits as ignoble and even as irreligious; while those who are engaged in the search after truth, look upon the other as unphilosophical enthusiasts, and perhaps as phantastical contemners of truth.... This conflict of opinions keeps science alive, and promotes it by an oscillatory progress. (Oersted, 1920, p. 352)Most of the fundamental ideas of science are essentially simple, and may, as a rule, be expressed in a language comprehensible to everyone. (Einstein & Infeld, 1938, p. 27)A new scientific truth does not triumph by convincing its opponents and making them see the light, but rather because its opponents eventually die, and a new generation grows up that is familiar with it. (Planck, 1949, pp. 33-34)[Original quotation: "Eine neue wissenschaftliche Wahrheit pflegt sich nicht in der Weise durchzusetzen, dass ihre Gegner ueberzeugt werden und sich as belehrt erklaeren, sondern vielmehr dadurch, dass die Gegner allmaehlich aussterben und dass die heranwachsende Generation von vornherein mit der Wahrheit vertraut gemacht ist." (Planck, 1990, p. 15)]I had always looked upon the search for the absolute as the noblest and most worth while task of science. (Planck, 1949, p. 46)If you cannot-in the long run-tell everyone what you have been doing, your doing has been worthless. (SchroЁdinger, 1951, pp. 7-8)Even for the physicist the description in plain language will be a criterion of the degree of understanding that has been reached. (Heisenberg, 1958, p. 168)The old scientific ideal of episteґmeґ-of absolutely certain, demonstrable knowledge-has proved to be an idol. The demand for scientific objectivity makes it inevitable that every scientific statement must remain tentative forever. It may indeed be corroborated, but every corroboration is relative to other statements which, again, are tentative. Only in our subjective experiences of conviction, in our subjective faith, can we be "absolutely certain." (Popper, 1959, p. 280)The layman, taught to revere scientists for their absolute respect for the observed facts, and for the judiciously detached and purely provisional manner in which they hold scientific theories (always ready to abandon a theory at the sight of any contradictory evidence) might well have thought that, at Miller's announcement of this overwhelming evidence of a "positive effect" [indicating that the speed of light is not independent from the motion of the observer, as Einstein's theory of relativity demands] in his presidential address to the American Physical Society on December 29th, 1925, his audience would have instantly abandoned the theory of relativity. Or, at the very least, that scientists-wont to look down from the pinnacle of their intellectual humility upon the rest of dogmatic mankind-might suspend judgment in this matter until Miller's results could be accounted for without impairing the theory of relativity. But no: by that time they had so well closed their minds to any suggestion which threatened the new rationality achieved by Einstein's world-picture, that it was almost impossible for them to think again in different terms. Little attention was paid to the experiments, the evidence being set aside in the hope that it would one day turn out to be wrong. (Polanyi, 1958, pp. 12-13)The practice of normal science depends on the ability, acquired from examplars, to group objects and situations into similarity sets which are primitive in the sense that the grouping is done without an answer to the question, "Similar with respect to what?" (Kuhn, 1970, p. 200)Science in general... does not consist in collecting what we already know and arranging it in this or that kind of pattern. It consists in fastening upon something we do not know, and trying to discover it. (Collingwood, 1972, p. 9)Scientific fields emerge as the concerns of scientists congeal around various phenomena. Sciences are not defined, they are recognized. (Newell, 1973a, p. 1)This is often the way it is in physics-our mistake is not that we take our theories too seriously, but that we do not take them seriously enough. I do not think it is possible really to understand the successes of science without understanding how hard it is-how easy it is to be led astray, how difficult it is to know at any time what is the next thing to be done. (Weinberg, 1977, p. 49)Science is wonderful at destroying metaphysical answers, but incapable of providing substitute ones. Science takes away foundations without providing a replacement. Whether we want to be there or not, science has put us in a position of having to live without foundations. It was shocking when Nietzsche said this, but today it is commonplace; our historical position-and no end to it is in sight-is that of having to philosophize without "foundations." (Putnam, 1987, p. 29)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Science
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2 Science Technology And Economic Progress
UN: STEPУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Science Technology And Economic Progress
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3 прогресс науки
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4 прогресс науки
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5 tərəqqi
progresselmi tərəqqi – the progress of sciencetərəqqi etmək – progress, advancetərəqqipərvər – progressive -
6 adelanto
m.1 advance.2 money in advance, earnest money.pres.indicat.1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: adelantar.* * *1 (avance) advance2 (tiempo) advance■ el primero lleva diez minutos de adelanto al segundo the first has ten minutes' lead over the second3 (pago) advance; (técnicamente) advance payment* * *noun m.1) advance, progress* * *SM1) (=progreso)a) (=acción) advancement; (=resultado) step forwardb) pl adelantos (=descubrimientos) advances2) [en tiempo]han conseguido el adelanto de la edad de jubilación — they have managed to get the retirement age lowered
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de adelanto, con una hora de adelanto — an hour earlyllevaba tres minutos de adelanto sobre el segundo corredor — he had a three-minute lead over the runner in second place
3) [de información]el artículo es solo un adelanto de su próximo libro — the article is just a taster of his latest book
4) [de dinero] (=anticipo) advance; (=depósito) deposit5) (Ajedrez) (=movimiento) forward move* * *1) ( avance) step forward2) ( del sueldo) advance; ( depósito) deposit3) ( en el tiempo)lleva un adelanto de tres minutos con respecto a los otros corredores — he has a three minute lead over the rest of the field
llegó con un poco de adelanto — he/she/it arrived slightly early
* * *= breakthrough [break-through], advance.Ex. With the exception of a few prescient observers, most predictions of the 20th century overlooked such breakthroughs as the computer.Ex. As soon as the advance was paid however the manager did a bunk with the money, around £100000, and was never seen nor heard of again.* * *1) ( avance) step forward2) ( del sueldo) advance; ( depósito) deposit3) ( en el tiempo)lleva un adelanto de tres minutos con respecto a los otros corredores — he has a three minute lead over the rest of the field
llegó con un poco de adelanto — he/she/it arrived slightly early
* * *= breakthrough [break-through], advance.Ex: With the exception of a few prescient observers, most predictions of the 20th century overlooked such breakthroughs as the computer.
Ex: As soon as the advance was paid however the manager did a bunk with the money, around £100000, and was never seen nor heard of again.* * *A (avance) advancelos adelantos de la ciencia the advances of sciencecon los adelantos de hoy en día no existen las distancias advances in modern day communications mean that distances no longer mean anythinglos ordenadores suponen un gran adelanto computers represent a great step forwardel sistema de los cajeros automáticos fue un gran adelanto the automatic cash dispenser system was a huge breakthrough o step forwardB (del sueldo) advance; (depósito) depositpidió un adelanto she asked for an advancehay que abonar un adelanto del 10% you have to pay a 10% depositC(en el tiempo): lleva un adelanto de tres minutos con respecto a los otros corredores he has a three minute lead over the rest of the field, he is three minutes ahead of the rest of the fieldel tren llegó con un poco de adelanto the train arrived slightly o a little early* * *
Del verbo adelantar: ( conjugate adelantar)
adelanto es:
1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo
adelantó es:
3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo
Multiple Entries:
adelantar
adelanto
adelantar ( conjugate adelantar) verbo transitivo
1
b) ‹pieza/ficha› to move … forward
2 ( sobrepasar) to overtake, pass
3
4 ( conseguir) to gain;
verbo intransitivo
1
2 (Auto) to pass, overtake (BrE)
adelantarse verbo pronominal
1
2
[verano/frío] to arrive early
3 ( anticiparse):
adelantose a los acontecimientos to jump the gun;
yo iba a pagar, pero él se me adelantó I was going to pay, but he beat me to it
adelanto sustantivo masculino
1 ( avance) step forward;
2 ( del sueldo) advance;
( depósito) deposit
3 ( en el tiempo):◊ llegó con un poco de adelanto he/she/it arrived slightly early
adelantar
I verbo transitivo
1 to move o bring forward
(un reloj) to put forward
figurado to advance: no adelantas nada ocultándoselo, you won't get anything by concealing it from him
2 (sobrepasar a un coche, a alguien) to overtake
3 (una fecha, una convocatoria) to bring forward
fig (hacer predicciones) adelantar acontecimientos, to get ahead of oneself
no adelantemos acontecimientos, let's not cross the bridge before we come to it
II verbo intransitivo
1 to advance
2 (progresar) to make progress: hemos adelantado mucho en una hora, we've made a lot of progress in one hour
3 (reloj) to be fast
adelanto sustantivo masculino
1 advance
(mejora, progreso) progress
2 (de tiempo) este reloj lleva cinco minutos de adelanto, this watch is five minutes fast
3 (de sueldo) advance payment
' adelanto' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
adelantarse
- anticipo
- adelantar
- avance
- competencia
- progreso
English:
advance
- early
* * *adelanto nm1. [de dinero] advance;pidió un adelanto del sueldo she asked for an advance on her wages2. [técnico] advance;este descubrimiento supone un gran adelanto this discovery is a great advance;utilizan los últimos adelantos tecnológicos they use the latest technological advances o developments3. [de noticia] advance notice;un adelanto del programa de festejos a preview of the programme of celebrations4. [de reunión, viaje] bringing forward;el gobierno anunció el adelanto de las elecciones the government announced that it was bringing forward the date of the elections5. [anticipación]el tren llegó con (diez minutos de) adelanto the train arrived (ten minutes) early;el proyecto lleva dos días de adelanto the project is two days ahead of schedule* * *m tbCOM advance;adelantos advances* * *adelanto nm1) : advance, progress2) : advance payment3) : earlinessllevamos una hora de adelanto: we're running an hour ahead of time* * *adelanto n advance -
7 postęp
m (G postępu) 1. (zmiana na lepsze) progress U- postęp gospodarczy/techniczny economic/technological progress- postęp cywilizacyjny the progress of civilization- postęp w naukach medycznych progress in medical science- postępy nauki i techniki the progress of science and technology- obserwujemy stały postęp w dziedzinie telekomunikacji telecommunications technology is developing all the time- w ostatnich latach w tej dziedzinie dokonał się a. nastąpił olbrzymi postęp this area has progressed rapidly over recent years- postępy w nauce progress in learning- czynić a. robić postępy w angielskim/jeździe na nartach to make progress in English/skiing- postępy w rozmowach pokojowych some progress in peace talks- śledzić postępy terapii to monitor the progress of a treatment- premier jest na bieżąco informowany o postępach w negocjacjach the Prime Minister is kept informed on the progress of the negotiations- powiedział mi dzień dobry, to już postęp he said hello to me, now, that’s an improvement!2. sgt Mat. progression- postęp arytmetyczny/geometryczny an arithmetic/a geometric progression- zwiększać się w postępie geometrycznym przen. to increase exponentially a. at an exponential rate* * *- postępy* * *mi1. (= rozwój) progress, advance, development; postęp cywilizacyjny civilization progress; postęp nauki l. naukowy scientific progress, advances in science; postęp techniczny technological progress; iść z postępem keep up l. move with the times, keep abreast of the times.2. (= wzrost, osiągnięcie kolejnego stadium rozwoju) development, growth; postępy choroby development of disease; robić postępy w nauce niemieckiego make progress in learning German, make headway in German; postęp arytmetyczny mat. arithmetic progression; postęp geometryczny mat. geometric progression.3. górn. progress, advance; postęp ściany wall advance.The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > postęp
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8 тормозит развитие науки
1. slow down progress of scienceучёный; человек науки — man of science
2. slowing down progress of scienceРусско-английский военно-политический словарь > тормозит развитие науки
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9 в процессе развития
Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > в процессе развития
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10 общественные науки
Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > общественные науки
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11 предмет науки
наука в своём развитии, прогресс науки — science on the move
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12 точная наука
наука в своём развитии, прогресс науки — science on the move
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13 тормозящий развитие науки
наука в своём развитии, прогресс науки — science on the move
Русско-английский военно-политический словарь > тормозящий развитие науки
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14 доктор юридических наук
наука в своём развитии, прогресс науки — science on the move
Бизнес, юриспруденция. Русско-английский словарь > доктор юридических наук
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15 правовая наука
наука в своём развитии, прогресс науки — science on the move
Бизнес, юриспруденция. Русско-английский словарь > правовая наука
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16 прогресс науки
1) General subject: advance of science, science on the move, the march of science, progress of science2) Mathematics: the advance of science -
17 тормоз общественного развития
Русско-английский военно-политический словарь > тормоз общественного развития
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18 naukowo
Ⅰ adv. 1. (w sposób naukowy) [zbadać, opisać] scientifically, in scientific terms- naukowo potwierdzona teoria a scientifically validated theory- udowodnić coś naukowo to prove sth scientifically a. using scientific methods- nie wszystko można wyjaśnić naukowo not everything can be explained scientifically a. by science- podejść naukowo do zagadnienia to approach a problem in a scholarly manner a. in a scientific way2. (w dziedzinie nauki) pracować naukowo (w naukach ścisłych) to work as a scientist a. researcher; (na uczelni) to be an academic Ⅱ naukowo- w wyrazach złożonych instytut/program naukowo-badawczy scientific research institute/programme- placówka naukowo-badawcza scientific research facility- pracownik naukowo-dydaktyczny academic a. university teacher- postęp naukowo-techniczny advances a. progress in science and technology* * *adv* * *adv.1. (= w sposób naukowy) scientifically; naukowo udowodniony scientifically proven.2. (= w dziedzinie nauki) in the field of research, scientifically; pracować naukowo do research.The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > naukowo
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19 научнотехнический прогресс
Универсальный русско-английский словарь > научнотехнический прогресс
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20 успехи в области науки
General subject: the progress of scienceУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > успехи в области науки
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